The Muslim world came up with many theories on the origin of the plague.  The religious explanation revolved around the Divine retribution of God (Allah).  Ways to combat this will of Allah were to pray, repeating passages from the Kor’an, and repeating the names of the prophets and the name of Allah.
(Picture Courtesy of Medieval Macabre.)

Acquiring the plague was seen as a blessing from Allah, for when one died, they were considered a martyr and thus went straight to heaven.  Since contracting and dying of the plague was considered martyrdom, Muslims were not suppose to flee or go to an infected area since this would be tampering with the will of Allah.
 

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