The Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) utilized the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) containing DSM-III nomenclature to assess the prevalence of mental disorders in five metropolitan areas.  A total of 19,182 individuals participated in the study from various households, nursing homes, prisons, and psychiatric hospitals.  The metropolitan areas chosen for this study were New Haven, CT, Baltimore, MD, St. Louis, Missouri, Durham, NC, and Los Angeles, CA (Robins & Regier, 1991).

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Dependence is defined as either a pattern of pathological use or social/occupational impairment plus evidence of tolerance or withdrawal (Robins & Regier, 1991).

Comorbidity Among Axis II Disorders³

	Paranoid	Schizoid	Schizotypal	Antisocial	Borderline	Histrionic	Narcissistic	Avoidant	Dependent	Obsessive-  Compulsive
Paranoid	--	23.4%	25.0%	7.8%	48.4%	28.1%	35.9%	48.4%	29.7%	7.8%
Schizoid	46.9%	--	37.5%	3.1%	18.8%	9.4%	28.1%	53.1%	18.8%	15.6%
Schizotypal	59.3%	44.4%	--	3.7%	33.3%	18.5%	33.3%	59.3%	29.6%	11.1%
Antisocial	27.8%	5.6%	5.6%	--	44.4%	33.3%	55.6%	16.7%	11.1%	0.0%
Borderline	32.0%	6.2%	9.3%	8.2%	--	36.1%	30.9%	36.1%	34.0%	2.1%
Histrionic	28.6%	4.8%	7.9%	9.5%	55.6%	--	54.0%	31.7%	30.2%	4.8%
Narcissistic	35.9%	14.1%	14.1%	15.6%	46.9%	53.1%	--	35.9%	26.6%	10.9%
Avoidant	39.2%	21.5%	20.3%	3.8%	44.3%	25.3%	29.1%	--	40.5%	16.5%
Dependent	29.2%	9.2%	12.3%	3.1%	50.8%	29.2%	26.2%	49.2%	--	9.2%
Obsessive-  Compulsive	21.7%	21.7%	13.0%	0.0%	8.7%	13.0%	30.4%	56.5%	26.1%	--

From:

Morey, L.C.  (1988). Personality disorders in DSM-III and DSM-III-R: Convergence, coverage, and internal consistency. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145,573-577. Sample Size  = 291

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

American Psychiatric Association Work Group on Eating Disorders (2000). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (revision). American Journal of Psychiatry, 157 (1 Suppl), 1-39.

Bruce, B.  & Agras, W.S. (1992). Binge eating in females: a population-based investigation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 365-373.

Hinshaw, S.P. & Anderson, C.A. (1996). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. In E.J. Mash & R.A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 113-149). New York: Guilford Press.

Kessler, Ronald C., Berglund, Patricia, Demler, Olga, Jin, Robert & Walters, Ellen E., (2005). Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602.

Kessler, R.C., (1997).  The Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidity.  In S. Wetzler& S.C. Sanderson (Eds.), Treatment Strategies for Patients with Psychiatric Comorbidity, (pp. 23-48).  New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kessler, R. C., et al. (1994a). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.

Kessler, R.C., (1994b).  The US National Comorbidity Survey: Onset, Chronicity and Comorbidity Patterns of Mood Disorders in the General Population.  In S.Z. Langer, N. Brunello, G Racagni & J. Mendlewicz (Eds.) Critical Issues in the Treatment of Affective Disorders, (pp. 154-157).  Paris: Karger.

Laumann, E.O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R.C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 537-544.

Mash, E.J., & Wolfe,  D.A. (2002). Abnormal child psychology (2nd ed.). Canada: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Morey, L.C. (1998).  Personality disorders in DSM-III and DSM-III-R: Convergence, coverage, and internal consistency.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 573-577.

Regier, D.A., Farmer, M.E., Rae, D.S., Locke, B.Z., Keith, S.J., Judd, L.L., & Goodwin, F.K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2511-2518.

Robins, L. N. & Regier, D.A. (Eds.). (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America: The epidemiological catchment area study. New York: The Free Press.

Sanderson, W.C., Wetzler, S., Beck, A. & Betz, F. (1992).  Prevalence of personality disorders in patients with major depression and dysthymia.  Psychiatry Research, 42, 93-99.

Sanderson, W.C., Wetzler, s., Beck, A. & Betz, F. (1993).  Prevalence of personality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 51, 167-174.

Schroeder, C.S. & Gordon, B.N. (1991). Assessment and treatment of childhood problems: A clinician's guide. New York: Guilford Press.

Spector, I.P., & Carey, M.P. (1990). Incidence and prevalence of the sexual dysfunctions: A critical review of the empirical literature, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 389-408.

Sprague-McRae, J.M., Lamb, W., and Homer, D., (1993). Encopresis: A study of treatment alternatives and historical and behavioral characteristics.  Nurse Practitioner, 18, 52-53; 56-63.

Stefansson, J.D., Messina, J.A., & Meyerowitz, S. (1976). Hysterical neurosis, conversion type: Clinical and epidemiological considerations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 53, 119-138.

Warner, L.A., Kessler, R.C., Hughes, M., Anthony, J.C., & Nelson, C.B. (1995). Prevalence and correlates of drug use and dependence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 219-229.

Wenar, C. (1994). Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Zimmereman, M., & Coryell, W. (1990).  Diagnosing personality disorder in the community: A comparison of self-report and interview measures.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 527-531.

The Surgeon General's web site provides estimated 1-year prevalence data for some mental disorders.

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